What was the miner compensation act of 1859

Statements of funds received and other statements, Statements and ledger of receipts and disbursements, Abstracts of disbursements, Statements of account current, ; and account current and property returns, Property returns, Letters sent by the Disbursing Agent at St. Louis, Letters sent, , Letters sent, Register of letters received, Textual Records: Correspondence of the Michigan Superintendency, consisting of letters sent and received, ; letters sent, ; and letters received, Correspondence and accounts, Letters sent, , , Letters sent and received by the Sault Ste.

Marie Agency, ; and letters sent and received, accounts, and other records of the Sault Ste. Marie Subagency, Ledger of Mrs. Susan Johnston, Indian trader, Letters sent, , , , and received, , , by the Mackinac Agency. Letters sent, , and received, , by the Michigan Superintendency and Mackinac Agency. Financial, statistical, and other records, School reports, , , Ledgers, , Letters sent by the Principal Disbursing Agent at Detroit, Textual Records: Letters sent and received, Accounts and other records, Other records, Statistical and financial records, Ledger of receipts and disbursements, Textual Records: Journal, , Letters sent, , and received, Financial and other records, Documents in Spanish, Letters received from Christopher Kit Carson, Data book, Ledger, , Cashbook and endorsements, , Journal for cash paid to agents, Ledger for cash paid to agents, Ledger of superintendency and Southern Apache Agency, , Letters sent by the Cimarron Agency, Records of Army Subsistence Agent at Cibolletta, Textual Records: Letters sent, , , with registers, Letters sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ; and to agents and other persons, Statements of letters sent to and received from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Letters received from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ; and from agents and other persons, Correspondence, accounts, and other records, Miscellaneous accounting records, Statements of receipts and disbursements and abstracts of disbursements, Letters sent by the Winnebago Agency, , , , 62, , Textual Records: Letters sent, , and received, , with registers and indexes, Reports and instructions, Records concerning negotiation of treaties, Record book concerning the Rogue River Commission, Accounts, Daybook, Ledger of agents' accounts, Record of vouchers, Contracts, Bonds of agents, Letters received by persons other than the superintendent, 73; James B.

Ledger from the Warm Springs Reservation, Miscellaneous records, ca. Correspondence with the Wichita Agency, Correspondence and other records of the Cherokee Agency, Confederate records, including correspondence of the Arkansas Superintendency and the Wichita Agency, ; and accounts and other records, Textual Records: Letters sent, , with index, Letters received from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 62, ; local jurisdictions, ; and various persons, Letters received, reports, accounts, and other records, Proceedings of Treaty Commission, Accounts, , Statements of funds remitted, Textual Records: Letters sent to Washington officials, ; and agents and others, Reports of agents, Indian talks and communications, Estimates, Forest and fire reports and correspondence, Agency correspondence and report files, Grazing irrigation, soil conservation, and gardening records, Building and utility surveys, Range and wildlife annual reports, Public Health Service contract correspondence, Tribal budget records, Memorandums master files, Industrial development records, Decimal correspondence, ca.

Program mission correspondence, Individual Indian money and tribal posting records, in Denver. Land transaction case files, Land lease case files, Cheyenne River Sioux benefits vouchers, in Denver. Textual Records in Denver : Check registers, Individual Indian money IIM posting records, IIM ledgers, Records of births, deaths, and marriages, Allotment records with plats, Per capita payment records, Records relating to tribal matters, including health, education, and natural resources, Irrigation reports, Law and order reports submitted by tribal police departments, Law enforcement reports, , Tribal attorney contracts, Indian probate files maintained by the title plant, Land leases, Indian rights-of-way records maintained by the title plant, with accompanying maps, Range survey sheets and timber scale books, Financial assistance grant records, Soil and range inventories, with accompanying maps, Soil and range inventory maps of the Zuni Indian Reservation, Tribal leases, Canceled oil and gas lease files, Records relating to tribal affairs, Tribal budgets, Tribal budget files maintained for tribes under jurisdiction of the United Pueblos Agency, Credit operation report files relating to tribal businesses and land improvement programs, Indian business development case files, Indian self- determination contract and grant files, Publications master file of the development plan "Toward Zuni," with interfiled photographs, Annual school census and attendance summary reports, Record of returned students, School scrapbooks, School census cards for Paguate Day School, Student applications and case files, Survey of social conditions on the Tesuque Pueblo, Branch of Welfare statistical and narrative reports, Records relating to tribal health and welfare programs, Credit operations reports, Program mission files, Road construction project files, Employment assistance case files, Textual Records in Fort Worth : Records of the District 5 Office, and its successor, the Region 5 Office, including central files, ; office files of District Director Dover Kent, ; records relating to budgets and organization structure, ; and annual statistical and narrative report of extension work, Annual and monthly statistical and narrative irrigation project reports, ; and irrigation project files, Central files, Memorandums issued by area offices, Records relating to personnel, Records relating to investigations, Records of the Branch of Real Property, consisting of central files, ; statistical reports, ; records relating to condemnation suits on Indian lands, ; farming and grazing lease files, ; and oil and gas lease files, Records of the Branch of Land Operations, consisting of central files, ; annual narrative reports from other area offices, ; records relating to soil and moisture conservation, including narrative reports, , and project files, ; and records relating to irrigation, including evaluation reports on lands acceptable or unacceptable for irrigation projects, Trust fund records, including correspondence, ; records relating to expenditures, , and per capita payments, 69; applications for tribal employment, ; applications for per capita payments, ; records relating to rejected applicants, ; forms for guardianship of minor Indians "custody sheets" , ; index to Indians who were paid in , ca.

Records relating to credit, including central files, ; statistical reports, ; and records relating to Indian credit associations and tribal committees, Records of the Relocation Specialist, including correspondence, ; statistical reports relating to returned Indians and relocatees, ; lists of relocated Indians, ; reports on individual relocated Indians and Indians who returned to Oklahoma, ; relocation "employment assistance" case files, ; and adult vocational training AVT0 case files, Records of the Industrial Development Specialist, consisting of central files, Indian services records, consisting of tribal attorney contract files, Welfare records, including letters sent, ; records of the area social worker, ; narrative reports, ; statistical reports, ; and records relating to the welfare budget, Education records, including central files, ; statistical and narrative reports relating to Indian education in public schools, ; records relating to adult education, ; student application cards, ; roster of students, ; index to students, ; and Indian school newspapers, Records relating to the Alabama-Coushatta Reservation, Aerial Photographs items, in Fort Worth : Indian lands in Oklahoma identified in evaluation reports as acceptable for irrigation, ca.

Textual Records in Denver : Program management files, Allotment appraisals relating to irrigation projects on tribal lands, Land lease and permit case files, Correspondence relating to land operations, Records relating to tribal lands, Oil and gas leases for Blackfeet, Ft. Belknap, Crow, and Ft.

Peck reservations, Land survey files, Records relating to irrigation and reclamation projects on Indian lands, Records relating to irrigation and forestry programs, Drawings and technical data relating to the Wind River Irrigation Project, Oil, gas, and coal leases, Oil and gas leases on the Wind River and Blackfeet reservations, Records relating to timber sales, Timber management plans, Records relating to timber cutting and forestry programs, Federal grant student folders, Records relating to accounting and administration, Program subject files, Allotment ledgers and files, Annual narrative reports, Subject files of the solicitor, Attorney and expert witness contracts, Records relating to collection and disbursement schedules, Central decimal files, Records concerning construction projects, Buildings and utilities survey files, Contract files, Employment assistance case files, reports, and accounting records, Land acquisition and disposal records, including records relating to fee patents and sales, Finance subject files, Records relating to forestry and range management, 60, including forestry and range management subject files, grazing subject files, and grazing permits.

Individual Indian money IIM account ledgers, IIM posting and control records, Inherited interest card files, Records relating to irrigation, , including decimal files, reports, and project histories. Records of the Land Operations Branch, Journal voucher files, Oil and gas lease files, Per capita records, Records relating to road construction, Soil conservation subject files, Tribal operations subject files, Welfare subject files, Student federal grant case files, School census reports and records relating to tribal youth educational and recreational programs, Textual Records in Los Angeles : Oil and gas leases, Window Rock law enforcement cases, and Tuba range surveys, Tuba committee meetings, T extual Records in Denver : Tribal and individual Indian money ledgers, Correspondence relating to irrigation projects and other agency matters, Individual Indian money, Irrigation Division, and general tribal accounting records, Copies of checks, balance and audit files and inactive individual accounts, Individual powers of attorney, Closed estate account case files, Records relating to range and livestock, Applications and other records related to land assignments, Soil and moisture control reports, Records relating to road construction contracts, Employment assistance reports, Vocational training and relocation records, Educational assistance files, Publications of the Branch of Education, Textual Records in Anchorage : General subject correspondence, Mission correspondence, ca.

Employment assistance program administrative records, , and case files, Public works files, Education correspondence, , and program decimal files, Adult education files, BIA school newspapers, Individual student educational grant, loan, and scholarship case files, ca. Estate heirship case files, Individual Indian money IIM case files, Social studies administrative decimal files, , and mission correspondence, Welfare case files, ca.

Microfilm copy of records of the Br sted project relating to political development of Native communities in the Arctic slope region of Alaska, 5 rolls. Budget and accounting records, , including IIM ledger sheets, , and collection vouchers, Native store records, , including individual Indian account IIA general ledger control, ; IIA paid invoices, ; and Native store reports, Real property reports, Tlingit-Haida tribal enrollments, including birth, marriage, and death records, 's bulk 's Village census rolls, , Goodnews Bay Day School student folders, , and school registers, , Records of Mount Edgecumbe Boarding School, , including yearbooks, school census index cards, individual student case files, directives, correspondence, and reports.

Records of Wrangell Institute, consisting of student folders, ca. Employment assistance case files of the Ketchikan office, , and the Kotzebue office, Photographs 6, images, in Anchorage : Aerial oblique, panoramic land, and building views of BIA clinics, hospitals, and schools in Alaska, , and historical album of Bureau of Education and BIA school in Alaska, Textual Records in Kansas City : Decimal correspondence, Monthly narrative reports, Correspondence with agencies and schools, Report on Great Lakes Chippewa, Inspection and investigative reports, Forestry, sawmill, and grazing reports; correspondence; and contracts, Red Lake fisheries annual reports, Red Lake sawmill correspondence, Blister rust reports, Paper company contracts, Menominee Indian Mills transfer documents, Menominee Garment Factory records, Grand Portage Enterprises correspondence, Individual Indian money IIM ledger sheets, Guardianship certificates, n.

Scholarship student case files, Court of Claims case Menominee records, Building and utilities survey files, n. Social services decimal files, n. Adult education program files, Tribal council minutes, Textual Records in Fort Worth : Oil and gas lease files, Subject file of the Welfare Branch, Subject files of the Employment Assistance Branch, Credit operations report files, Credit loan history case files, Correspondence and reports relating to the Land Operations Division, Grazing permits and range reports, Natural resource management plans, Tribal agreement, correspondence, and subject files, Southern Paiute tribal enrollment case files, Annual forestry and grazing reports, with interfiled maps, Program mission files relating to tribal development, Forestry Division correspondence, Control registers and unit ledger records, Long range development plans and program records, Road construction projects, Credit report correspondence, Timber sale contracts and related records, Credit financial assistance files, Individual Indian money ledgers, , Annual extension reports and agreements, Program management files, Law and order records, Job Corps project files, Central subject files, Additional subject files, Correspondence of the Superintendent of Construction, Subject files relating to construction, Construction personnel files, Annual retirement fund reports of construction personnel, Annual budget estimates for Pima Indian School and Agency, Case files of the Division of Investigation, Correspondence, reports, ledgers, budget estimates, and other records of the Division of Irrigation, Irrigation water rights, Water rights studies, Central subject files, property and land acquisition project files, and other records of the Branch of Land Operations, Land transaction files, ;land reports, ; and land use and development plans, Lease files, Appraisal reports and property data sheets of the Branch of Real Estate, Program correspondence of the Housing Branch, Correspondence, reports, and other records of the Branch of Soil Conservation, Correspondence, central subject files, reports, and other records of the Forestry and Grazing Division, Fort Apache timber management, Timber sale contracts, Business development files, Apprenticeship program application files, ca.

Individual pay cards, ca. Employer cards, ca. Employment applications cards, ca. Annual industry report files, Credit Operations reports, Employment assistance grant ledgers, ; and case files, Records of the Road Branch, consisting of road construction files, Special investigation officers' chronological files, Welfare Branch subject files, Welfare worker case files, Special welfare reports, Social welfare files relating to nursing home patients, Census reports and supplements, Individual Indian account ledgers, Correspondence, subject files, reports, loan agreements, and other records of the Division of Extension and Industry, Correspondence, reports, personnel records, trachoma records, and other records of the Health Division, Tribal resolutions, minutes, and ordanances, Student case files, Photographs images, in Los Angeles : Aerial and ground views of Mission Indian reservations, images.

Files of the Assistant Area Director for Administration, Records of the regional construction engineers, ; and administrative correspondence of the Construction Branch, Celilo, OR, relocation records, Records relating to Western Oregon Indians, including records of the Assistant Area Director concerning the termination of Western Oregon tribes, ; individual case files on unallotted Western Oregon Indians, ; and records relating to the Western Oregon judgment fund award, , including applications for shares, ancestor folders and appeals, and rejected applications.

Records relating to the Tillamook-Nehalem judgment fund, , including applications for shares and rejected applications and appeals. Applications to share in the Paiute Malheur judgment fund, Records relating to the Klamath Tribe, including files relating to the termination of the tribe accumulated by the Assistant Area Director for Resources, , and the Assistant Area Director for Community Services, ; individual Indian case files, ; and records relating to the socioeconomic status of the tribe, Records relating to property, including files of the Realty Division, ; jurisdiction files of the Realty Branch and predecessors, ; real property appraisals, , of the Klamath Tribe, individually owned Klamath real property, and Western Oregon real property; and sale records of Klamath real property, Industrial development correspondence, Case files on Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Roseburg allottees, Microfilm copy of individual Indian probate case files, ca.

Records relating to irrigation, including files of the Area Irrigation Engineer, ; project case files, ; reports, ; administrative and project case files for Irrigation District 2, ; project case files for Irrigation District 4; records of the District 4 Agricultural Economics Unit, ; project case files for Irrigation Districts 5, 6, and 7, ; accounting records from discontinued offices, ; and records relating to court cases on irrigation matters, Records relating to forests, including files of the Regional Forester, , and the Area Forester, ; records relating to the appeal by Aloha Lumber Co.

Loan case files for individual Indians, ca. Jurisdiction files of the Area Road Engineer, ; road construction contract case files, ; and records of the Road Engineer for District 5, Records relating to road projects, Files of the Tribal Operations Branch, Tribal operation service files, Closed case files on Tribal Attorney contracts, Records relating to Indian Claims Commission claims and awards, Case files on traders licenses, Administrative files of the Employment Assistance Branch, Individual case files on relocation,, and employment assistance, Records of the Branch of Law Enforcement, Files of the Area Education Officer, Records of medical directors of District 2, , and District 3, Files of the Area Social Worker, Records of per capita payments, Photographs images, in Seattle : Indian reservations in the Pacific Northwest; Northwest and California forests; and effects of controlled burning, Textual Records in San Francisco : Coded subject records, Range management reports, Area mission correspondence, Area Forester's grazing leasing records, Case files on land transactions, Land allotment records, Records relating to Agua Caliente Band allotments, Irrigation project case files, Irrigation and water rights files, Irrigation engineering data files, Records of road projects, , and irrigation projects, Project workbooks of the Roads Office, Per capita income records, Annual reports of credit activities, Reimbursable transactions reports, Case files on relocation, training, and employment assistance, Tribal roll cards, , Health and welfare records, Records relating to enrollment in Indian boarding schools, IIM accounts special deposit control sheets, Sherman Institute student IIM accounts, Miscellaneous financial records, California judgment roll, California judgment enrollment application case files, Tribal group files, Special deposit ledgers, Records of relations with organizations interested in Indians, Records of the Realty Office, including coded program records, ; leasing and business contracts, ; and farming and grazing lease records, Maps items, in San Francisco : Reservations and rancherias, 1 item.

Irrigation projects, items. Road projects, items. Textual Records in Denver : Annual extension reports, with interfiled photographs, Correspondence relating to Indian allotment applications, Individual Indian money IIM ledgers, Hopi irrigation and water supply cost ledger, Range utilization reports, Jobs Corps and Civilian Conservation Corps project files, Records relating to tribal contracts, Consolidated correspondence and other records of miscellaneous Navajo agencies, Textual Records in Los Angeles : Correspondence, General Superintendent's subject files, Subject files of the Assistant to the General Superintendent, Monthly progress reports of area office branches, Records relating to employment, Correspondence concerning land matters, Sheep dipping reports, Annual forestry reports, Probate ledger sheets of deceased Indians, Correspondence concerning public works programs, Division of Engineering program files, Lists of payroll checks for Indians with reimbursable accounts, Lists of Indians indebted to the government under reimbursable contracts, Records relating to reimbursable transactions and agreements, Law enforcement case files, Division of Information and Statistics program files, Annual Indian population reports, Survey sheets of Forest Service permittees, Birth and death certificates, Identification cards and metal tags of Indians, Indian service census record cards and supplemental rolls, Records relating to education, Division of Education subject files, Program files of Education Specialist E.

Mays, School reports, Annual financial statements, Timber management records, Textual Records in Fort Worth : Letters sent by minerals officer, Records relating to leases, Records relating to oil and gas lease sales, Records relating to leases on agency and school reserves and townsites, Timber-cutting permits, Records relating to business leases, Textual Records in Denver : Letters received, Records of employees at Fort Defiance, Education records, including record of employees at various Navajo Agency schools, , and at San Juan School and agency, ; letters sent from Leupp Training School, ; and Charles H.

Burke School decimal file, Textual Records in Los Angeles : Program correspondence, Subject Files, Tribal census rolls, Indian land allotments, Land right-of-way case files, and Records pertaining to surplus demountable housing program, Individual housing contract files, Textual Records in Anchorage : Administrative files, Education program decimal files, Textual Records in Denver : Letters sent, Letters received, , with registers, Index of official letters, n.

Superintendent's subject files, Records relating to agency finances, consisting of account books, 86; record book, ; quarterly cash accounts, ; "Statements of Public Funds," ; record of receipts and disbursements "Cash Book" , ; statements of disbursing accounts, ; abstracts and vouchers of disbursements, ; estimates of funds needed, ; and miscellaneous financial records, Records relating to medical services, including monthly medical reports "Sanitary Reports" , ; invoices and receipts for medical supplies, ; reports of medical supplies, ; and estimates of medical supplies needed, Records relating to schools, Records relating to land and agriculture, including reports of the agency farmer, ; "Cattle Claims," ; notices of land and water claims, ; grazing permits, ; record of Indian cattle sold, ca.

Records relating to employees, Records relating to issues to Indians, including accounts of goods received and issued, ; "Property Returns" abstracts and vouchers, ; annuity estimates, ; weekly supply reports, ; record of issues of supplies, ca. Miscellaneous records, including journal of Indian police, 95; "Liquor Cases," ; and diary of Superintendent C. Ellis, Records relating to supplies, Vital records, including list of Indian lodges, ca.

Numerical correspondence, Decimal correspondence, General subject files, Orders, circulars, and other issuances, Financial records, consisting of individual Indian money IIM and individual Indian account IIA official receipts, ; IIM and IIA journal vouchers, 47; IIM and IIA check copies, ; financial correspondence and related records, ; IIA ledger sheets, ; IIM ledgers and cards, ; IIM posting and control records, ; records relating to trust responsibilities, including IIM ledger cards, ; index to IIM ledger, ; allotting agents' correspondence, ; allotted land sales petitions, ; land sale and lease cards, ; tribal range, land, and oil committee minutes, ; Reclamation Service circular letters and general orders, ; IIM case files, ; monthly irrigation reports, ; crop reports, ; miscellaneous irrigation project records, ; and forestry and grazing correspondence, Records of the Blackfeet Tribal Fund land acquisition project, Annual credit reports, Minutes of Credit Committee meetings, Minutes of Cattle Board meetings, Cattle program repayment records, Records of livestock associations, Individual cattle repayment records, Easements and rights of way, Emergency Conservation Work payrolls, Census rolls and related records, Supplementary census rolls, Census record cards, Records relating to extension program activities, Records of Indian relief and rehabilitation program, Drought relief cattle program records, Annual farm survey sheets, Tribal election records, Health and welfare records, including health program subject files, ; health program cards, ; welfare program decimal correspondence, ; social service alphabetical subject files, ; welfare applications, ; household composition cards, ; and welfare case files, Education program correspondence, Textual Records in San Francisco : Records of road projects, Reports on land tenure and land use, Records of credit activities, Records concerning the Indian relief program, Indian family assistance case records, Textual Records in Los Angeles : Quarterly and monthly day school reports, Textual Records in San Francisco : General files, Coded files and administrative records, General agency accounting, financial, and supply records, Individual Indian money IIM records, General ledgers, Trust fund financial records, Pyramid Lake Subagency appropriation ledgers, Bishop Subagency IIM account ledger, Records relating to Yomba Indians, Land records, Health records and reports, Indian relief and rehabilitation records, Welfare files, monthly assistance reports, and letters sent, Welfare subject files, , and case files, Records of the Agricultural Extension program, including narrative and statistical reports, ; extension agent's files, ; and records of extension activities, Regional Forester's records, Annual forestry and grazing reports, Soil and moisture conservation records, Records relating to road maintenance and irrigation, Records of the Civilian Conservation Corps-Indian Division, 42, including weekly progress reports, , and enrollment files, So what we have here in California during the Gold Rush, quite clearly, was a case of genocide, mass murder that was legalized and publicly subsidized.

And they ask him, "What are you doing with this child? He's an orphan. April Moore, Nisenan Maidu, educator By the time that the Gold Rush and events afterwards had occurred, so much had happened, not just Sutter enslaving and terrorizing the native peoples, but an epidemic had erupted previous to this: smallpox, chicken pox, unusual diseases that they had no defenses.

So their population had been decimated. Then it became decimated again after the Gold Rush: because of their aboriginal rights as landowners they needed to be eradicated and removed. So a process went into motion to make it legal to kill Indian people. In many cases, they only had to bring in the scalp. And in other cases, the whole body was brought in to prove that they had this individual, they'd killed this person, and receive their reward. And it was well after when the law was repealed, that bounty hunting, or whatever you may want to call it, on the California Indians was repealed.

It was shortly after the discovery of Ishi that the nation, or I should say the state, became aware of the fact that it was still legal to kill Indians. So that the law had to be changed. The U. Sanctuary of a sort was provided through reservations, which gave the natives refuge from the threats of the new invaders. April Moore, Nisenan Maidu, educator There was what we called a roundup. It's a very sad story. They went along the foothill areas, especially above Sacramento and all along this ridge, gathering up all these native peoples, mostly Maidu people, and forcing them to march down through the valley, over by the Sutter Butte, but first they had to cross the Sacramento River.

And very few Indian people knew how to swim, because they had no need to swim. They didn't take those chances by crossing rivers. If they knew how, they would do it in reed boats. But they were forced to cross the river, so there was a large percentage of these Maidu people who actually drowned, including the children and the infants.

And then whoever survived the crossing of the Sacramento River were taken over to the Round Valley Reservation and forced to live there. Those that escaped, hid. And they stayed hidden for quite some time. They took on Hispanic or Mexican surnames and melted into the community not as natives, but as Mexican Americans.

They could pass. They'd just say they were, and most people didn't pay attention and believed them. James Rawls, historian I had the occasion of visiting with an elderly Pomo woman several years ago, who shared with me a story from her family history. She said her village was attacked somewhere along the Navarro River, by a group of white raiders.

She thought perhaps they were trying to seize children for the Indian slave trade at the time. She wasn't sure. But she knew that they were under attack. And so a native woman fled with her family, trying to get her children away.

She left her smallest child, which was still in a cradleboard, under some brush, and got away across the river. After the whites had left, she returned, trying to find her family.

And she could see that her smallest child was still apparently safely there, under this brush. But when she lifted it up, she found that the child had been pinned to the earth with a knife, that the raiders apparently had regarded that child as too small to worry with, but they managed to kill the child instead.

And as this woman told me that story, the tears came down her cheeks as if this had just happened. And that made me realize that even though these events we're talking about occurred years or more ago, they still are living memories of native people in California. There are wounds that are still unhealed and are very tender and very deep. Frank LaPena, professor, Native American Studies The Gold Rush forced people out of their traditional regions, and it made some of the rules and laws of the new state, the white state, and these rules and laws made the Indians change.

People would say "Well, you know, what we're going to do is, we're going to give you these sanctuary areas, and we're going to give you food and that, and we're going to provide things for you that you didn't have before. And all of that sounds good, but in fact what happened is, when people were on reservations, for instance, the food that was supposed to go to them, and the cattle that was supposed to be herded to them, and things that were supposed to be provided to them were never done.

What you can sense is that there is a sanctuary that is provided for them. Even though they might be eating out of troughs, even though they might be overworked, they have some sense of security there. And we see this taking place as we look at some of the things that happened with statehood. And we also see that in many cases where the people were given this sanctuary, they are protected from some of the kinds of killings and hunting down and herding off people to imprison them in the reservation areas.

We see that they do have a protection there. April Moore, Nisenan Maidu, educator One of [my grandmother's] stories that really stuck with me, it was so emotional, the way she portrayed it.

It was an event that happened to her aunt and her two great-aunts.